[2] The magnum opus is Cvijic's La peninsule balkanique (Paris 1918), probably written in anticipation of his participation as an advisor at Versailles, subsequently published also in Serbo-Croatian (e.g. Belgrade 1987), but the contributing works begin earlier, for example in 1902 at the inception of the enormous multi-volume series Naselja i poreklo stanovnistva (Settlements and origin of the population) of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Cvijic also distinguishes cyclic from secular migration and is particularly interested in permanent secular migration, which he calls "metastatic" (matanastazicka migracija, cf. modern metanastaza ["migration"], metastaza ["metastasis']). Since he was concerned mostly with the Serbian diaspora, the fortuitous similarity between the geographical and medical terms was prophetic for the social convulsions that now occur.

[3] Cf. OHG walach, Gothic walchs, possibly Primitive Germanic *woloch, also Latin Volcae. See Petar Skok, Etimoloski rjecnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (Zagreb 1971) and Djuro Danicic, Rjecnik iz knizevnih starina srpskih (Belgrade 1863).

[4] See E. A. Hammel, "Sensitivity analysis of household structure in medieval Serbian censuses," Historical Methods 13:105-118, 1980 and references therein.

[5] Note for later reference that "smuggling" is defined only by the existence of state control; otherwise it is just trade.

[6] See E. A. Hammel, Alternative social structures and ritual relations in the Balkans (Prentice-Hall 1968).

[7] Cf. the reputed adoption of Judaism by the Khazars of Central Asia and their purported connection with the Ashkenazim.

[8] My thanks to Andrei Simic for this observation.

[9] But it is fair to note that some nationalist intellectuals will make such assertions of co-ethnicity in order to lay claim to the areas occupied by other groups. For example, some Croatian historians claim that the Muslim Slavs of Bosnia are really Croats, thus legitimizing the historical claims of Croatia to Bosnia. We may also note in passing the tendency among some nationalist Greeks to claim that the Slavic inhabitants of Macedonia are really Greek but somehow speak the wrong language.

[10] Currently President of Croatia.

[11] I note in passing some military applications of these symbols. During the internecine conflict embedded in World War II, Serbs and Croats capturing a soldier suspected of being from the other ethnicity are said to have commanded the captive at gunpoint to recite the Lord's Prayer. Since the word for bread differs in standard Serbian and Croatian, the captive could be identified and treated accordingly. In the current conflict in Bosnia, captured soldiers are commanded to drop their pants and are identified by whether or not they have been circumcized. Recent reports from the front indicate that Muslims captured by Serbs have their throats cut, while Serbs captured by Muslims are circumcized, one side inflicting real death, the other only symbolic death.

[12] Jus soli rather than jus sanguinis.

[13] We may also draw on the Iberian reconquista for parallels.